Frederick Chopin Essay Example For Students

Frederick Chopin Essay The 1830s have been known as the time of the piano on the grounds that duringthat period the piano and the music composed for it assumed a predominant job inEuropean melodic culture. The piano had, obviously, as of now been mainstream formore than 50 years, yet by the third decade of the nineteenth century,changes in the instrument and its crowd changed the pianos job inmusical life. As the Industrial Revolution hit its sweet spot, piano manufacturersdeveloped strategies for building a lot a bigger number of pianos than had beforehand beenfeasible, and at lower cost. Pianos stopped to be the selective territory of thewealthy; an extending white collar class could likewise try to claim them and make musicat home. A great many novice musicians started to take exercises, purchase printed music,and go to shows. Virtuosos like Friedrich Kalkbrenner, Sigismund Thalberg,and Franz Liszt turned into the primary melodic whizzes, visiting Europe andastonishing crowds with music they had created to show their pianotechnique. Frederick Chopin was conceived in a little town named Zelazowa Wolalocated in Poland on March first, 1810. His enthusiastic love of music demonstrated itselfat an early age. There are stories, for example, of how when his mom andsister played moves on their fantastic piano he would begin crying uncontrollably for thesheer excellence of the sounds he heard. Before long he started to investigate the console forhimself and had a great time testing. By the age of seven he had becomesufficiently useful for his folks to attempt to discover him an instructor. Their choicefell on Adalbert Zywny, a Bohemian arranger at that point matured sixty-one and nowremembered exclusively as Chopins first educator. Inside a couple of long stretches of beginninghis concentrates with Zywny, Chopin started to play in broad daylight, and before the finish of 1817,at the age of seven, had just been portrayed by numerous individuals as ?Mozartssuccessor. Chopin started to make a round this time, and kept on doing sothroughout his understudy years, however just a bunch of these works were printed. Inthe harvest time of 1826, Chopin started contemplating the hypothesis of music, figured bass, andcomposition at the Warsaw High School of Music. Its head was the author J?zefElsner. Chopin, be that as it may, didn't go to the piano class. Mindful of theexceptional nature of Chopins ability, Elsner permitted him, in understanding withhis character and personality, to focus on piano music yet was unbendingas respects hypothetical subjects, specifically contrast. Chopin, supplied bynature with wonderful melodic innovation, simplicity of free impromptu creation, and aninclination towards splendid impacts and flawless concordance, picked up in Elsnersschool a strong establishing, control, and exactness of development, too asan comprehension of the importance and rationale of each note. This was the period ofthe first expanded works, for example, the Sonata in C minor, Variations, on a themefrom Don Juan by Mozart, the Rondo ? la Krakowiak, the Fantaisie, and the Trioin G minor. Chopin finished his instruction at the High School in 1829, and after thethird year of his examinations Elsner wrote in a report: Chopin, Fryderyk,third year understudy, stunning ability, melodic virtuoso. In the wake of finishing hisstudies, Chopin arranged a more extended remain abroad to get familiar with themusical life of Europe and to win distinction. Up to at that point, he had never left Poland,with the exemption of two brief remains in Prussia. In 1826, he had spent aholiday in Bad Reinertz (present day Duszniki-Zdr?j) in Lower Silesia, and twoyears later he had went with his dads companion, Professor Feliks Jarocki, onhis excursion to Berlin to go to a congress of naturalists. Here, very unknownto the Prussian open, he focused on watching the nearby melodic scene. Presently he sought after bolder plans. In July 1829 he made a short trip to Vienna inthe organization of his colleagues. Wilhelm W?rfel, who had been remaining therefor three years, acquainted him with the melodic condition, and empowered Chopinto give two exhibitions in the K?rtnertortheater. He making the most of his tremendoussuccess with general society, and in spite of the fact that the pundits reproached his presentation forits little volume of sound, they acclaimed him as a virtuoso of the piano andpraised his structures. Subsequently, the Viennese distributer Tobias Haslingerprinted the Variations on a topic from Mozart (1830), a piece he performed atthe K?rtnertortheater. This was the principal distribution of a Chopin compositionabroad, for up to at that point, his works had just been distributed in Warsaw. Upon hisreturn to Warsaw, Chopin, effectively liberated from understudy obligations, gave himself tocomposition and composed, among different pieces, two Concertos for piano andorchestra: in F minor and E minor. The primary concerto was propelled to aconsiderable degree by the authors sentiments towards Konstancja Gladkowska,who considered singing at the Conservatory. This was likewise the time of the firstnocturne, exercises, dances, mazurkas, and tunes to words by Stefan Witwicki. Custom made Education EssayOn 17 October 1849, Chopin kicked the bucket of pneumonic tuberculosis in his Parisian flatin the Place Vend?me. He was covered in the P?re-Lachaise graveyard in Paris. Inaccordance with his will, be that as it may, his sister brought his heart, taken from hisbody after death, to Warsaw where it was put in a urn introduced in a pillarof the Holy Cross church in Krakowskie Przedmiscie. Chopin distributed 159 worksdistributed among sixty-five creation numbers, however he likewise made more thanseventy different works that he decided not to distribute. At times, he may havedecided that the music was not up to his measures or that it required furtherrevision. Different works had been introduced as close to home blessings to dear companions, andChopin may have thought of it as unseemly to distribute them. On his deathbed, hehad asked that all his unpublished compositions be pulverized, yet that desire wasnot respected, and in 1853 his mom and sisters asked Julia n Fontana, Chopinsfriend and amanuensis, to choose from among them works that he considered worthyand alter them for distribution. He chose twenty-three piano pieces, which hegrouped into eight creation numbers (66-73). Chopins music, regardless of what thesetting, is right away conspicuous. His extraordinary feeling of lyricism andunparalleled melodic virtuoso delivered the absolute most simply excellent musicever composed; music which would impact numerous writers who followed, fromBrahms to Debussy. He was a progressive light in Romantic music, the ultimatecraftsman of offbeat song and appalling agreement. In the structure andform of his sytheses, he is very alone; his feeling of equalization andarchitecture in music was not especially identified with the Classical or buddingRomantic custom, yet appeared to spring from some obscure well-source. Theoverwhelming force and impact of his melodic heritage is everlastingly guaranteed. BibliographyThe Unofficial Frederic Chopin Homepage.. Walk 2000. ? Chopin Foundation of the United States, Inc. Fryderyk Chopin? A Chronological Biography.. Walk 2000. ? Leszczynski, Krzysztof. Frederic Chopin:Life?Works?Tradition.. November 1999. ? Orga, Ates. Chopin: His Life and Times. Tunbridge Wells:Midas Books, 1976. ? Pourtal?s, Guy De. Polonaise: The Life of Chopin. NewYork: Henry Holt and Company, 1927. ? Szulc, Tad. Chopin in Paris: The Life andTimes of the Romantic Composer. New York: Scribner, 1989.

Analysis Of The Fall Of Ferdinand Marcos Essay

October 10, 2001 Word Count: 2466 Research Question: How did Ferdinand E. Marcos in the long run tumble from power? Presentation Ferdinand E. Marcos was the longest prevailing Philippine president ever. His standard spread over 20 years, starting in 1965 up to his defeat in 1983. He was the solitary president reappointed up until this point (first in 1969 and second in 1981). After his subsequent term, defilement in his organization was wild. For a long time he controlled the Philippines with an iron clench hand, and amassed an individual fortune. As per all sources, he figured out how to drag out his term for such a long time through his â€Å"private military† (Sonia M. Zaide, 217) that squashed or hushed resistance against him. His endeavors to drag out his term notwithstanding, were likewise liable for the disappointment of his kin and the development in resistance and against him which in the long run prompted his destruction, after the death of Benigno Aquino on 1983. Foundation ON MARCOS’ RISE TO POWER Marcos originated from a rich and politically noticeable family in Ilocos, a territory in the northern piece of the Philippines. He started his political vocation in 1949, being chosen for the House of Representatives as congressman of Ilocos. In 1965, he was chosen as President of the Senate. He at that point (as a Nacionalista, one of the 2 principle ideological groups) ran for president and picked up triumph over the occupant president, Diosdado Macapagal. Marcos vowed to â€Å"make the country extraordinary again,† and during his first term of 6 years Marcos increased far reaching prominence through his broad monetary and political accomplishments. In 1969 Marcos turned into the first (and up to the occasion, still the main) reappointed leader of the Philippines. During his subsequent term be that as it may, Marcos lost prevalence because of the broad join and defilement of his supported sidekicks, and the human rights infringement of the Marcos organization when he declar ed Martial Law on September 21, 1972. He lifted Martial Law in 1981 subsequent to lessening the restriction by terrorizing. During his second re-appointment in 1981, Marcos had just a single adversary, Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista party, since Senator Benigno Aquino (who was his solitary believable rival) was living estranged abroad in the United States. During the following years, the Philippine economy was considered â€Å"the wiped out man of Asia† (Time Magazine). In 1982, Marcos was wiped out and he was missing in numerous official functions. During this time, his significant other (Imelda Marcos) and herâ cronies were informally running the nation. It was during this time, when on August 21, 1983, his in length time rival, Benigno Aquino (spouse of Benigno Aquino), came back to the Philippines. He was killed without trying to hide in the Manila International Airport by one of the administration military escorts and this occurrence was caught by camera (Don Lawson, 1). This rankled the Filipino individuals, which was the last hit to his standard. Following quite a while of mass meetings and exhibits everywhere throughout the nation, he called as snap political race as a component of his procedure to keep up his validity in the universal body. He was pronounced the official victor on account of monstrous vote purchasing and cheating and suggestion. The mass assemblies and exhibitions proceeded with across the nation which deadened the administration tasks † for instance, banks were shut and transport administrations were protesting, and part of the military revolted, and all these prompted the now mainstream EDSA Revolution (otherwise called â€Å"People Power†) on February 16, 1986 which toppled Marcos’ rule. Investigation OF THE CAUSES OF MARCOS DOWNFALL The reasons for Marcos’ ruin can be separated into two sections † long haul causes and momentary causes. Marcos’ demonstrations of defilement which include: his achievement of enormous aggregates of cash from the Philippine treasury during his rule, maltreatment of military capacity to smother resistance and keep up a firm hold on administration, and his political plans to drag out his standard were answerable for making an environment of contempt and discontent on Marcos’ rule, under the superseding air of dread made by the subsequent concealment of any dangers to his capacity. These doings developed the seeds of disappointment which before long formed into brought together disdain towards Marcos’ rule. There was across the board discontent, however this discontent was as yet quiet. The present moment or prompt reason for Marcos’ ruin was the Assassination of Ninoy Aquino. The â€Å"assassination brought Philippine’s monetary ruins to world attention† (Fred Poole and Max Vanzi, 244) and lead to Marcos’ tumble from power after the EDSA insurgency. MARCOS’ MILITARY The military was the underlying premise of Marcos’ power. Marcos’ military control furnished him with a colossal political favorable position. Marcos utilized the military to make an environment of fear, to demoralize resistance andâ eliminate any dangers to his capacity to empower him to proceed with his standard over the nation. During his rule, pay off and terrorizing of voters during races was uncontrolled. As the debasement in the Marcos organization got far reaching, exhibits happened as understudy activism rose, however were immediately smothered by his military. A case of this is the â€Å"Battle of Mendiola† on January 1970, in which demonstrators attempted to storm in the doors of the Malacanang Palace (the Philippine Presidential structure, like the White House). It was the most vicious of the understudy showings (Florida C. Leuterio, 151). Because of the expansion in viciousness Marcos forced military law in 1972. As per all sources counseled, there may have been a likelihood that a few demonstrations of savagery were arranged by Marcos to guarantee the authenticity of his statement of military law. Since the constitution restricted his administration for only two terms, he was because of venture down on December 30 1973. Be that as it may, upon the decree of military law, he would have the option to sustain his standard over the Philippines, on the grounds that the 1935 constitution had not expressed the confinements for the length of military law (Florida C. Leuterio, 153). Marcos then utilized the military to keep Filipinos associated with disruption. This incorporated all pundits/activists (going from understudies to experts), and potential political rivals. They were tormented by their captors and many were then held in military detainment camps. Marcos’ â€Å"military foundation fixed its grip into a stranglehold through expanded terror† (Fred Poole and Max Vanzi, 208). Albeit POLITICAL SCHEMES TO PROLONG HIS TERM AND GAIN POWER For over 20 years Marcos had the option to draw out his term. Through his political plans and controls, Marcos had the option to proceed with his administration notwithstanding the confinement of just eight back to back years, the decrease of his country’s economy, and the unforgiving conditions endured by most of its residents. Indeed, even before the presidential appointment of 1965 Marcos got various military enrichments which made him one of the most embellished saints of World War II. Through this, Marcos increased famous American help, and increased an edge in the 1965 Elections. Authentic Seagrave (creator of The Marcos Dynasty) expresses that Marcos had simply imagined the accomplishments made the Philippines most beautified World War II legend. Wear Lawson (creator of Marcos and the Philippines) notwithstanding, doesn't express that Marcos has concocted those accomplishments. During 1971 a Constitutional Convention was held to modify the 1935â constitution which would then empower Marcos to proceed in power under the new constitution. On 1973 he authorized the new constitution which would give him both the forces of a president and a head administrator (until one is chosen). The constitution was sanctioned through resident congregations by lift of hands. Because of the overall climate, the individuals embraced to the new constitution. During races, Marcos occupied with enormous misrepresentation to guarantee his triumph. Poorly GOTTEN WEALTH As indicated by Australian examiner Reiner Jacobi the Marcos rule was financially grievous for the Philippines. Money related he found indicated that Marcos had â€Å"systematically plundered his nation for more than 20 years.† He expresses that the Marcos’ taken at any rate $5 billion in â€Å"ill-gotten wealth† and that there is other material proposing that Marcos took much more. Marcos â€Å"used his favourites†Ã¢ ¦ to assume responsibility for the nation’s regular and HR and its huge financial ventures.† Journalist Ron Whittaker proceeds to demonstrate that as Marcos and his family amassed an individual fortune, through taking from the Philippine treasury. He expresses that â€Å"Despite the countless dollars from the United States every year, Marcos’ government was falling progressively into obligation; and, even as his own fortunes quickly heightened, most of his kin were living in poverty.† Although Marcos prevailing with regards to scaring his restriction and dragging out his term, his maltreatment of influence presented his corruptness to the individuals, which along these lines made an environment of discontent towards him which kept on working up and would in the long run cause his ruin. In any case, because of the climate of dread Marcos has made, there was as yet an absence of inspiration to call for change and face the danger of Marcos’ military. THE AQUINO ASSASSINATION AND THE EVENTS THAT FOLLOWED The last blow happened when Benigno Aquino, his lone sound adversary, was killed by his military escorts, with this occurrence caught in video tape and communicate in the outside media. The occasion stunned the Filipino individuals, however the entire world, as film of the death was circulated globally (Sonia M. Zaide, 217). The Assassination was the last demonstration of treachery that the individuals would take from Marcos. This goaded the Filipino individuals, w

How to Help ADHD Children Succeed in Group Situations

How to Help ADHD Children Succeed in Group Situations ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD Print How to Help ADHD Children Succeed in Group Situations By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on July 27, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Hybrid Images/Cultura/Getty Images If you are a school teacher, coach or group leader, you will invariably come across situations where you have an ADHD child to supervise and teach. Group situations can present many challenges for children with ADHD. If behaviors are not addressed properly, the group experience may quickly deteriorate and become a negative one for this child and the other children within the group. Children with ADHD want to succeed, make friends, and do well in group situations, though they often have a difficult time doing so. Your approach as a teacher or coach can make a big difference in a child’s experience. Cathi Cohen, director of In Step Mental Health and author of several books on social skills training, outlines some simple tips for caregivers in her book, Outnumbered; Not Outsmarted! An A to Z Guide for Working with Kids and Teens in Groups. If a child with ADHD is part of your group, you can take the following steps: Accept That ADHD Is a Genuine Disorder Before you can help an ADHD kid, you must first believe that ADHD is a genuine brain disorder that results in unintended behaviors and consequences. You need to understand that ADHD is neither a reflection of a childs character nor of his intelligence or upbringing. Adults who believe that ADHD is a made-up diagnosis may think the childs behavior is willful and caused by a lack of discipline or poor parenting. These adults are going to handle their interactions with an ADHD child very differently than those who recognize the disorders impact. It takes a mature, patient, calm adult leader to manage an ADHD child in a group setting. Focus on Positive Channeling The key to working successfully with the ADHD kid is to focus on strengths and provide opportunities for learning. ADHD kids are energizing. They are often passionate, enthusiastic, and active children. Take the time to catch the ADHD child doing good things, and compliment her. While the standard punishment model of discipline may be appropriate for some kids, it generally backfires with the ADHD child. Channeling her behavior in a positive manner reduces the odds that misbehavior will occur. Adjust Your Expectations The ADHD child is approximately two to three years behind his/her peers in emotional maturity. This can be confusing for adults, especially if the ADHD child is physically large for his chronological age but behaves several years younger, socially and emotionally. Adjust your expectations accordingly. Give One-Step Directions Many kids with ADHD have trouble following multi-step directions. It may be fine for you to tell most kids to make their beds, sweep the floor around their bunk, and hang up their wet towels after swimming. However, if you give the same set of instructions to an ADHD kid, he might remember to make his bed, but will most likely get distracted and forget the rest of what he was supposed to do.s Ask About the Parents Method of Discipline Parents of ADHD children generally know what works and what doesnt work when disciplining their child. Check in with the parent for guidance. Help the ADHD Child Switch Gears Slowly ADHD children respond very well to predictability and structure, so they appreciate knowing the routine in advance of the situation. Give the ADHD child time to prepare to switch gears when activities are shifting. React Calmly Because ADHD is a disorder of self-control, ADHD kids may do and say things that they dont mean. Their impulsivity results in their inability to hold their tongues and restrain their actions. It takes a strong adult to refrain from taking the bait and retaliating with punishments and reprimands. Correction Strategies Encourage rather than criticize.Tell them what you want them to do (not just what not to do).Refrain from accusations.Catch the child exhibiting positive behavior.Shape behavior through praise.Move closer to the ADHD child when you want his/her attention.Ask the ADHD child to do small errands/chores to redirect negative energy.

Coco Chanel - 1043 Words

Gabrielle Chanel was born in the French town of Saumur on the 19th of August 1883. She was one of 5 children and when her mother died; her father couldn’t manage on his own so the girls went to an orphanage and the boys to work on a farm. Gabrielle stayed at the orphanage and visited grandparents on holidays until 1900 when she moved in with them. She went to a local convent school with her aunt Adrienne who was almost the same age as Gabrielle, she remained a valued friend. Gabrielle and Adrienne learned to sew at the convent so were able to get jobs as dress makers when they had finished school. Gabrielle’s earliest ambition was to be on stage and during her time off from work she was a regular cafe and bar singer, through this she†¦show more content†¦I find Chanel so inspirational in the ways she changed fashion through the war. She helped women become more comfortable and focus on the more important issues whilst staying fashionable. If it wasn’t fo r this the fashion world may not be like it is today. By 1916 Chanel’s 3 shops were running well with over 300 staff, her clients included socialites, actresses, singers and even the Spanish royal family came to France for Chanel to dress them. Everything Chanel did made the news as it was so out of the box and ahead of its time, looking at the very early collections you can still see influences from them in today’s clothes. Chanel describes the year 1919 as the year she woke up famous, throughout the 1920’s she dominated the international fashion industry and was officially registered as a couturier. By 1930 Chanel had a 120million franc turnover; the business went from strength to strength and her evening dresses became very ornate and extravagant but day wear still remained very simple and comfortable. Chanel went on strike for 14 years, reasons are not known for sure but the second world war maybe had something to do with it. When Chanel returned she was unk nown to this new generation, her designs were seen as old and unfashionable, after receiving bad reviews after her first collection was shown she blamed the journalists for being wrong. Between the years of 1955-57 Chanel experimented with a lot of theShow MoreRelatedThe Fame of Coco Chanel629 Words   |  2 Pagesmany women to not eat nor breathe. That’s when Coco Chanel change everything for women, that made her career in the fashion industry go through the roof. Before Coco became an icon in the fashion industry, she was put in an orphanage ever since her dad had left her sister and her. Coco was then raised by nuns, which is where she was taught to sew, a skill will help her to fame. Though her name wasn’t always Coco, her birth name was Gabrielle Chanel. Her nickname came from her first job as a singerRead MoreCoco Chanel1452 Words   |  6 Pagesinterested in Coco Chanel? and if Im honest, I was fascinated long before I started researching her biography more th an a decade ago, all the way back to my earliest memories in childhood. For there on top of my mothers dressing table stood a bottle of Chanel No. 5, beyond my reach but not out of sight, and I knew from the moment I began to discern its mysterious letters and number that there was something magical to the black-and-white cipher. Im not alone in that discovery -- Chanel has come toRead MoreCoco Chanel Bibliography1186 Words   |  5 PagesCoco Chanel At the start of the twentieth century, the idea of women in business seemed crazy. In those days, men held all the positions of power and made all the decisions about money. They believed that a woman’s place was in the home, looking after her children, cooking for her family and managing the house. If a woman needed to work she could perhaps find a job in a shop or in a factory, but she had no chance of working as a businesswoman or a banker or a lawyer. Women’s fashions in theRead MoreThe Making of Coco Chanel508 Words   |  2 PagesCoco Chanel was born on the 19th of August in 1883 in Sammur, France her parents giving her the name Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. When Coco was around 12 her mother passed away this provoked her father to abandoned her and her 5 siblings, she and her sisters were sent to a convent for abandoned girls and her brothers were sent to work. The time she spent in the convent was a dark time therefor she didn’t like to speak of but she reflected in some of her pieces as she used the tones and shapes fromRead MoreCoco Chanel and Fashion Essay994 Words   |  4 Pages Coco Chanel, born Gabrielle Bonhuer Chanel, on August 19, 1883 in Saumur, France was an amazing woman who redefined fashion as we know it today. She was a clothing designer who revolutionized the fashion industry with her suits, little black dresses, and avant garde flare. Because of this quickly in her young life she became well know , and rose to be the fashion icon that she is today. From the timeless designs that are still popular to this day, and the sophisticated outfits that can be pairedRead MoreJean Patou and Coco Chanel701 Words   |  3 PagesThe 1920s was a period of change and reform in many things ranging from entertainment, consumerism, and fashion. Fashion, one of the greatest changes in the 1920s was influenced by designers such as Coco Chanel, Jean Patou, Clara Bow, also known as the â€Å"It Girl† all influenced fashion for both women and men in the 20s. Previously, women had to behave polite and modestly and had to wear long dresses down to the ankles. But some women started to go past those social boundaries that were set by societyRead MoreGabrielle Bonheur Coco Chanel637 Words   |  2 PagesGabrielle Bonheur â€Å"Coco† Chanel is one of the greatest fashion inventors of all time. In her early life as a child, she was put in an orphanage by her father after her motherâ€℠¢s death. Her father worked as a peddler and didn’t make enough money to take care of her. He barely made enough money to keep himself alive. The nuns of her orphanage taught her how to sew which became a vital know-how for her career later on. To earn money to live on her own, she started a singing career at local clubs in VichyRead MoreInformative Outline About Coco Chanel Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication Topic: Coco Chanel General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech the audience will know better about Coco Chanel. Thesis: Coco Chanel brought the world of high fashion to the masses. Introduction I. Does anyone know what this logo is? A. I am assuming most of women in this room know what this is. B. This is Chanel logo, one of the most famous fashion brand in the world. C. A lot of women know Chanel and they are fascinated of Chanel products, butRead MorePassion Grew into a Worldwide Brand for Coco Chanel623 Words   |  3 PagesCoco Chanel once said, â€Å"Jump out the window if you are the object of passion. Flee it if you feel it. Passion goes, boredom remains.† The creator of classic â€Å"Chanel No. 5† perfume, started off with a small passion of making clothes. This passion grew into a worldwide known brand. Passions are like a little spark and as you keep on working, the spark turns into a flame, which is your path to success, and from a flame a roaring fire is created; the roaring fire that impacts the world. I have a passionRead MoreEssay on The Elegant Life of a Legend: Mademoiselle Coco Chanel2035 Words   |  9 PagesGabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born August 19, 1883 to Albert Chanel and Jeanne Devolle, a stallholder and a laundrywoman at the time of her birth. Gabrielle was the second daughter born to the Chanelâ€℠¢s. She had five siblings, her two sisters Julie and Antoinette, and her 3 brothers Alphonse, Lucien, and Augustin. Chanel rarely talked about the circumstances of her birth, but she did occasionally mention a train journey that her mother had undertaken just before, in search of the elusive Albert.

The Vaccine War Media Theory Essay - 941 Words

Synopsis After watching The Vaccine War, the main concerns of vaccines are public safety, the aftermath of injecting harmful chemicals into ones’ body and the parents that choose not to vaccinate their children. In the beginning of the documentary, a mother, Jennifer Margulis, states she felt like it was not needed for her newborn child to be vaccinated for a sexual transmitted disease. She feels like the ingredients are scary for a young child to take in with an immature immune system. The other issue is a massive outbreak of disease that could have been prevented. The Center of Disease Control is carefully watching the town that Ms. Margulis lives, Ashland, Oregon, because it’s the least vaccinated places in America due to parents†¦show more content†¦This explains the theory of why parents choose the non-vaccinated route for their children’s lives and explains it why it’s a social issue and not just a personal choice. The relevant theory of why parents are not vaccinating their children would be cognitive dissonance. The parents choose not to vaccinate their children due to other cases that may or may not have been linked to autism. Once the immunization has been given, it doesn’t mean that the child is unable to get it. The disease could be dormant and the immune system hasn’t picked up on it. You can still possibly contract anything contagious even with the shot, so why expose a child with a fragile immune system to massive dose of chemicals. Parents also have some doctors that are behind them. Dr. Ira Goodman stated in a an email said he doesn’t support it because â€Å"They simply don’t work.† (Shane Ellison, MS, www.thepeopleschemist.com, Herd Immunity: Three Reasons Why I Don’t Vaccinate My Children†¦ And Why Vaccine Supporters Shouldn’t Care That I Use Vaccine Exemption Forms). The idea of injecting toxins into children, which aren’t even allowed in treatment, is downright outrageous. The parents who choose to vaccinate their children didn’t fall into the minority that questioned it; they went with what were the facts. While the minority decided to find new information and started believing that their child will not endure the side effects of the vaccinesShow MoreRelatedThe Vaccine War Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesThrough the rise of technological advances in medicine, the vaccine has changed the world for the greater good of the human race. Making a great triumph and virtually eliminating an array of life-threatening diseases, from smallpox to diphtheria, thus adding approximately thirty years to many humans’ life spans. Although, a new complication has arisen, possibly linking neurological digression with this rise of new vaccines. Such a digression has forced parents to exempt their children from receivingRead MoreThe First Major Discoveries That Laid The Foundation For Technological Advances During The World Of Vacci nations1364 Words   |  6 Pageshis theory, he rubbed pus from a cowpox wound into a laceration of a young boy and then exposed him to smallpox. Weeks later, the boy still hadn’t contracted the more lethal disease, smallpox. He called this a vaccine, however, he had no idea as to why this was or what the connection was between the two diseases. As such, people of this age were skeptical to test the new vaccine. In 1885, Louis Pasteur decided to take on rabies. Well aware of Jenner’s studies, he began to create a vaccine fromRead MorePoliomyelitis in Nigeria1712 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction For Nigeria, the polio virus is still around in the country because of purely religious reasons. A section of the country, precisely the northern axis spurned a theory that the polio vaccine was fertility control tool of the west. Nothing could be further from the truth! But for intervention of senior clerics and prominent politicians from the area, there would have a standstill in the eradication efforts. To worsen matters, damage had been done by the time of the interventionRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccination1414 Words   |  6 Pagescentury (CDC 1999) Despite this regard, speculation regarding the matter of vaccines has been around for nearly the entirety of their existence (Wolfe 2002). In his book, Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All, Author Paul Offit does well in informing readers of the ongoing debate regarding the safety and implementation of vaccinations. Offit begins his book by equating this debate to an ongoing war between hesitant pa rents and weary doctors. Both sides are motivated by fearRead MoreLiterature Review6685 Words   |  27 Pagesevidence, their rational strength over anti-vaccine movements become a myriad.[Lewandowsky et al. 2013] Decision making becomes a weak thing to do because by looking at both ends, things seem to parallel each other. There those who believe in an unquestionable trust in political figures, doctors and other medical professionals. Other parents seem to look at homeopathy, nature and metaphysical tendencies to resolve their medical dilemma as regards to the vaccine.[Huntley and Peeters, 2010; Battles, 2008]Read MorePublic Health Association Of Australia1448 Words   |  6 Pagesand rural areas is also another good way to ensure immunisation uptake. Another good idea would be to distribute food vouchers (distributive approach) to parents coming from the distant rural areas. We could also focus on monitoring the spread of vaccine-preventable diseases, via the ACIR, so as to detect any outbreak at the earliest possible and take the necessary preventive measures (communicative intervention). Policy actors in favour Probable actors in favour of resolving the issue would beRead MoreThe Spanish Flu1521 Words   |  7 Pageswas so easily spread world wide due the conditions of World War I. Researchers believe that the close quarters the soldiers lived in combined with their weakened immune systems made them more susceptible to the disease. Furthermore the disease was spread by the soldiers and sailors travel during wartime. The pandemic was coined The Spanish Flu because it received greater press attention in Spain because they were not part of the war and had not imposed wartime censorship. Since the United StatesRead MoreThe Causes And Implications Of Medical Disasters In Brazil1606 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the New York Times article (Feb. 6, 2016) â€Å"How a Medical Mystery in Brazil Led Doctors to Zika,† there are only two â€Å"leading theories† explaining the frightening outbreak. Both hypotheses date Zika’s arrival in Brazil in 2014 via travelers attending t he World Cup and Va’a World Sprint canoe race in Rio de Janeiro. But Horowitz’s â€Å"third theory† is based on science, common sense, blatent NYTimes omissions, and the fact that â€Å"[i]n April 2014, the Oxitec OX513A [GM mosquito] received technicalRead MoreEbola Outbreak Of West Africa1655 Words   |  7 Pages 2014)[5,10] The Ebola epidemic in West Africa made obvious the many limitations in global governance of infectious diseases, which mixed the interests of public health and securitisation. The Ebola has a strong relevance to the securitisation theory as there were many laws and precautions introduce by governments globally in order to securitise and protect public health. I will analyse my topic by looking at the laws and precautions brought it by various governments internationally and weighingRead MoreEconomics Report Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesrates in Australia, it is crucial to Australian governments to increase the national immunisation rates. This report will focus on this issue through Australian immunisation rates, assessment on any possible government failure, supporting by economic theory. FIigure1: any delayed immunisation rates, 2004 and 2009 Figure 2: more than 6 months delayed immunisation rates, 2004 and 2009 In Australia, the timely receipt of 2nd dose of MMR vaccination decreased rapidly (Department of Health, 2013). As

The Zebra Storyteller Free Essays

Once upon a time there was a Siamese cat who pretended to be a lion and spoke inappropriate Zebraic. That language is whinnied by the race of striped horses in Africa. Here now: An innocent zebra is walking in a jungle, and approaching from another direction is the little cat; they meet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Zebra Storyteller or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Hello there! † says the Siamese cat in perfectly pronounced Zebraic. â€Å"It certainly is a pleasant day, isn’t it? The sun is shining, the birds are singing, isn’t the world a lovely place to live today! The zebra is so astonished at hearing a Siamese cat speaking like a zebra, why, he’s just fit to be tied. So the little cat quickly ties him up, kills him, and drags the better parts of the carcass back to his den. The cat successfully hunted zebras many months in this manner, dining on filet mignon of zebra every night, and from the better hides he made bow neckties and wide belts after the fashion of the decadent princes of the Old Siamese court. He began boasting to his friends he was a lion, and he gave them as proof the fact that he hunted zebras. The delicate noses of the zebras told them there was really no lion in the neighborhood. The zebra deaths caused many to avoid the region. Superstitious, they decided the woods were haunted by the ghost of a lion. One day the storyteller of the zebras was ambling, and through his mind ran plots for stories to amuse the other zebras, when suddenly his eyes brightened, and he said, â€Å"That’s it! I’ll tell a story about a Siamese cat who learns to speak our language! What an idea! That’ll make ’em laugh! † Just then the Siamese cat appeared before him, and said, â€Å"Hello there! Pleasant day today, isn’t it! † The zebra storyteller wasn’t fit to be tied at hearing a cat speaking his language, because he’d been thinking about that very thing. He took a good look at the cat, and he didn’t know why, but there was something about his looks he didn’t like, so he kicked him with a hoof and killed him. That is the function of the storyteller. How to cite The Zebra Storyteller, Essay examples

Rise Of American Empire Essays - Imperialism,

Rise of American Empire Rise of American Empire The American Empire started taking shape when the U.S. started enforcing the Monroe Doctrine in 1895, to assert its control over Latin America. America was just starting to build a navy that could compete with other world powers. It wouldn't have the chance to show off these powers until the Spanish-American War. America was outraged with the inhumain way, Spain was treating the Cubans. Civilians were being locked up in prison camps and dying by the thousands, as punishment for a Cuban guerrilla revolt. The Sinking of the U.S. Battleship The Maine further infuriated the American pubic and Spain declared war on April 24, 1898. The fist battle was fought across the world in the Philippines. On May 1st 1898 Commordore Dewey's fleet cornered the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay and destroyed it. With this decisive victory America saw its chance to gain a valuable foothold in the Asian market by controlling the Philippines. Hawaii was annexed within months due to it being the halfway point to the Philippines, Americas empire was growing faster than anyone predicted. Spain eventually surrendered in Cuba, giving it up, and ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States. Before the war America wanted Europe to know it had no intention of fighting this war to gain territory. On the other hand, when war came McKinley saw it as a opportunity. During the war he wrote privately "While we are conducting war and until its conclusion, we must keep all we get; when the war is over we must keep what we want" (McKinley 593). At home the public didn't advocate colonial rule over large populations, such as the Philippines, it was European-style imperialism. Spain ceded The Philippines to the U.S. for 20 million dollars in the Treaty of Paris. The treaty was barley ratified in February 1899, by the Senate in a two-thirds vote with one to spare. The Senates indecisiveness indicates the anti-expansionist, anti-empirical feelings of the American public. Andrew Carnigie offered to buy Filipino freedom with a check for 20 million dollars. Constitutionalists believe that the constitution doesn't support empire building. The government didn't want to give up control of Philippines because they had the Progressive idea of "Manifest Destiny" for the island. They thought the Filipinos were unfit for self rule and white Anglo-Saxon ways were better. Also that the Filipino government would collapse and that the Progressive idea of capitalism and democracy could save them. I would argue that U.S. involvement in W.W.I was more Progressive than Imperialistic, but not in a purely Progressive sense. Considering Progressives were highly opposed to the war, Republicans, Democrats and the Populist Party all opposed our involvement. The American Union against Militarism, and the Women's Peace Party both denounced the war and supported American neutrality at all costs. However, in President Wilson's declaration of war speech he attempts to sell Progressives on the war by saying, our involvement will make the world "safe for democracy" (Wilson 618). He also says by helping win the war, "we would earn a place at the peace table, where it would spread the country's democratic ideas to the rest of the world" (Wilson 618). This is of course refers to the underlying point in the Progressive idea of "Manifest Destiny"--our moral duty to spread democracy and capitalism to the rest of the world. Now these are just words that Wilson uses to gain support for the war, but one could argue that they are both Progressive and empirical in nature. The "Manifest Destiny" connection of the U.S.'s intentions in W.W.I supports this. Progressive because Wilson says we are standing up for democracy and helping people, by spreading democracy and capitalism around the world. Imperialism because we are trying to force our ideas of what's right, on other nations. In the end however, I don't think American involvement in The Great War was clearly Imperialistic or Progressive, more a mixture of both. If the Progressive's had their way we would have never entered the war, but necessity arose. Imperialists and expansionists in this country, would likely oppose the war due to there being no chance in acquiring new territories. Finally it came down to us standing up to Germany, and showing the world that the U.S. is a new world power, and major player in world affairs. That is what we did by joining the war and setting the stage, for future global power structures.

Ingls Bsico - Formas Comparativas en Ingls

Ingls Bsico - Formas Comparativas en Ingls Nosotros usamos la forma comparativa y superlativa para comparar y contrastar diferentes objetos en inglà ©s. Use la forma comparativa para mostrar la diferencia entre dos objetos. Ejemplos: New York is more exciting than Seattle. Use la forma superlativa cuando se refiera a tres o ms objetos para mostrar cul objeto est sobre todo lo dems en algo. Ejemplos: New York is the most exciting city in the USA. A continuacià ³n se muestra cà ³mo construir la forma comparativa en inglà ©s. Observe en las oraciones de ejemplo que usamos than para comparar dos objetos: Adjetivos de Una Sà ­laba Agregue -er al final del adjetivo (Nota: duplique la consonante final si es precedida por una vocal) remueva la y del adjetivo y aà ±ada ier Ejemplos: cheap - cheaper / hot - hotter / high - higher Ejemplos: Yesterday was hotter than today.This book is cheaper than that book. Adjetivos de Dos Sà ­labas Terminados en -y Ejemplos: happy - happier / funny - funnier Ejemplos: I am happier than you.That joke was funnier than his joke. Adjetivos de Dos, Tres o Ms Sà ­labas Ponga more antes del adjetivo. Ejemplos: interesting - more interesting / difficult - more difficult Ejemplos: London is more expensive than Madrid.This test is more difficult than the last test. EXCEPCIONES IMPORTANTES Existen algunas excepciones importantes a estas reglas. A continuacià ³n hay dos de las excepciones ms importantes: good good - adjective better - comparative Ejemplos: This book is better than that one.I am better at tennis than my sister. bad bad - adjective worse - comparative Ejemplos: His French is worse than mine.His singing is worse than Toms. Pruebe su conocimiento con esta breve prueba.

Italian Nouns With Irregular Gender

Italian Nouns With Irregular Gender In Italian, grammatical gender, when referring to people and animals, is related to sex. However, this principle is not always observed. Three distinct examples include: la guardia (guard- usually a man), il soprano (a woman), laquila (eagle- male or female). Regarding things, the attribution of gender may seem unrelated with respect to meaning. For example, there is no logical reason for which il latte (milk) and il sale (salt) should be masculine (notably, in Venetian dialect both are feminine). To the contemporary Italian speaker the choice between masculine or feminine seems to be either totally arbitrary, or, in the case of derivative nouns, simply a matter of grammatical fact (e.g., nouns ending with the suffix -zione are feminine, while nouns ending with the suffix -mento are masculine). For todays speaker, a historical explanation does not count; the contemporary perspective must remain distinct from the diachronic (which concerns the evolution of language). Italian nouns, for the most part, retain their gender from the Latin. Nouns originally neutral in Latin usually became masculine. There have been some changes, though: from the Latin word folia, the neuter plural of folium, in Italian became foglia (leaf), feminine singular (because in Italian the ending -a, in the majority of cases, is feminine and singular). The conformity to this rule is also illustrated in the assignment of gender to foreign words used in Italian. That the assignment of gender is immaterial with respect to the inherent meaning of things is born out by a comparison between diverse languages, even though they are related to one another: Italian, French, and Spanish. Consider the following: Masculine in Italian / Feminine in French:il dente- la dent (tooth), il costume- la coutume (costume), il fiore- la fleur (flower), il mare- la mer (sea) Feminine in Italian / Masculine in French:la coppia- le couple (couple), la mescolanza- le mà ©lange (mixture), la sciabola- le sabre (saber) Masculine in Italian / Feminine in Spanish:il costume- la costumbre (costume), il fiore- la flor (flower), il latte- la leche (milk), il miele- la miel (honey), il sale- la sal (salt), il sangue- la sangre (blood) Feminine in Italian / Masculine in Spanish:la cometa- el cometa (comet), la domenica- el domingo (Sunday), lorigine- el origen (origin) English is much easier, since grammatical gender is not recognized except in rare cases. Conversely, German, much like Latin, also has the neuter gender. There are significant differences between the Italian and German with regard to gender; for instance il sole (the Sun) is feminine (die Sonne), while la luna (the Moon) is masculine (der Mond).

Biotechnology legal issues involved in technology transfer and new Assignment

Biotechnology legal issues involved in technology transfer and new venture formation - Assignment Example Another legal issue is the registration of the patents or the transfer of the patents’ ownership with the Office of Intellectual Property in the relevant jurisdiction. Contracts will also have to be drawn up between Bio Vacc Ptty Ltd and RMIT for the vaccine project and between Bio and Protein Solutions and Firefly Australia with respect to their joint ventures. Contracts of employment or simple contracts including confidentiality covenants will also be necessary with respect to the students involved in research. This paper examines the various legal issues involved in the transfer of technologies in the arrangements spearheaded by Bio Vacc with a view to accommodating the interests of the parties and any other relevant stakeholders particularly with reference to the patents involved. This is necessary as the parties to the arrangements are only some of the important stakeholders. Other stakeholders who are not parties to the arrangements may have interests that conflict with the commercial and/or scientific interests of the contracting parties.1 The Consequences of the Spin-off A spin-off is the creation of a new organization which is founded on the resources of the parent company or organization.2 This means that the Bio Vacc is essentially a new and independent organization that originated from RMIT. To put it another way, RMIT is commencing a new venture formation via Bio Vacc. The parent company which is RMIT in this case typically forms the new company which is Bio Vacc in this case, to facilitate technology transfer.3 Four legal issues are involved in this spin-off process. First there is the rights and obligations of the parent organization that transfers the technology (patents). Secondly, there is the stage where the technology transfer can actually start. Thirdly, the rights and obligations of the spin-off company that is attempting to form a new venture out of the technology. Finally there are the rights and obligations of the investor who pr ovides funding.4 The roles of each of the actors are best understood by the definition of spin-offs. To this end, Boehm defines a spin-off as: A new company formed (1) by individuals who were former employees of a parent organization, and (2) which is based on a core technology that is transferred from the parent organization.5 In the context of a university spin-off, Boehm describes the spin-off as a founded by a former member of the faculty, or staff member, or even a student who departs from the university for the purpose of starting an organization or starting a company while â€Å"still affiliated with the university†.6 The university spin-off may also be a â€Å"technology or technology-based idea development within the university†.7 The main legal issues are therefore the limits and extent of the use of new technology for the new venture formed by Bio Vacc. In this case the new technology is the two vaccine patents. A second legal issue is the limits and extent to which university research members will participate in the new venture of Bio Vacc. Bio Vacc is essen

Special Interests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Special Interests - Essay Example These interest groups lobby around with the help of their members who are a part of the several legislative organizations (Jaatinen, 1998). Their role is proactively driven towards the political parties for whom they wish to serve in the long run. These interest groups do their utmost to elect politicians who have a good enough idea of their related cause and have the right kind of empathy for their settings. These interest groups recruit individuals who can have hidden and on other occasions, propaganda movements which might be quite extrovert in nature. One needs to know that many interest groups exist within any society in this day and age. These include the different economic groups which have within them the various chambers of commerce, the trade unions and a few factions that belong to the religious groups. Also the professional interest groups comprise within them the doctors, lawyers, business people, architects and skilled workers. The public interest groups focus more towa rds the environment and look after the issues which plague the people more than anything else, on a one to one level. The aim here is to provide people with benefits as much as possible. Then there are the special interest groups which are part of the subgroups that are formed within larger groups and where the main focus is upon a narrow interest area. The need is to know that these interest groups are very different from the pressure groups. Since these interest groups have a proper definition of their intentions and mission, their supporters take a stance for these interest groups at every level and on all forums. The ones who support it are of the view that these interest groups depict what others should feel about their own selves and the community that they are a vital part of. Many individuals believe that these interest groups have a hidden agenda behind their institution which may not be right. Quite a few eyebrows are raised when one questions their existence and formation . The need is to discern some interest groups that have made their mark throughout the world over the years. These include the NEA which has been a proactive supporter of educational professionals and has done immense work at raising the standards of these people over the years. Then there is the example of NAACP which guarantees that social, political, educational and economic equality of rights of the people are there and also to remove hatred and discrimination which crops up in the name of race (Blom, 2006). The role of these interest groups is important to understand and more so in the times much like today. This is because they pinpoint the critical issues which make their mark within a society, for good or for bad. They shift public opinions in a positive way which is an essential aspect of their formation in the first place. If people connect with these interest groups well, then their roles are magnified and purposes are served well. If this does not happen, then there are immensely significant concerns which must be taken care of, and the sooner it happens the better it will be for people within any society of the world where these interest groups exist and make their essential mark within the lives of the people. 2. Discuss the relationship between interest groups and political parties. The linkage that has come about between the interest groups

Study of Nikon Corporation

Study of Nikon Corporation The Nikon has gone global and divides the globe to six regions of its operation which are the Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Middle East, and Africa. The products have also been grouped in to imaging products (Digital/film cameras, lenses and accessories), precision equipment (IC/LCD steppers and scanners), sport optics (Binoculars, telescopes and laser rangefinders), instrument products (Microscopes and measuring instruments), and ophthalmic lenses (Single vision and progressive addition lenses) (Nikon, 2010). It has a capital of  ¥ 65,475 million as of March 31 2010, where the consolidated net sales were  ¥ 785,498 million as of March 31 2010 while unconsolidated net sales as of March 31 2010 were  ¥ 572,972 million (Nikon, 2010). The numbers of employees in the corporation are approximately 26,125 as of March 31 2010 where the number is not inclusive of employees in subsidiary and associated companies. The company also has five main plants that include the Ohi plant, Yokohama Plant, Sagamihara Plant, Kumagaya Plant, and Mito Plant (Reynolds, p.23). The company has developed products of quality throughout the years where the core technology center, the research and development center and the production technology center are responsible for quality and innovation. Its imaging products (72.5%) contribute to a huge proportion of the sales followed by precision equipment (19.1%), instruments (5.7%) and others (2.7%) respectively (Nikon, 2010). The Nikon philosophy is Trustworthiness and Creativity that presents the unchanging principles that the company are dedicated to. The aspirations include Meeting needs and exceeding expectations where the company does not just stop at meeting the customer needs but also providing the customer with new products of value that exceed expectations; aiming at sustained growth through continuous development of all products; maximizing on the understanding and knowledge on light to produce products that transform and lead the markets currently and in future; and maintaining high integrity so as to contribute to the prosperity of the society (Nikon, 2010). The commitments of Nikon are being firstly being pro active i.e. Be broad-minded and well-informed in order to act quickly and resolutely Second seeking new knowledge i.e. Pioneer new potential through self-study and insatiable curiosity thirdly is effective communication i.e. Harmonize diverse skills by thinking out of the box and communicating effectively with others and last but not least displaying integrity i.e. Work with diligence and sincerity as a responsible individual (Nikon, 2010). The goal is Transforming imagination into creativity (Nikon, 2010). This paper critically examines the Nikon Corporation its history products, markets, goals and philosophy. It continues to scrutinize the company by performing a Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Analysis which is crucial in matching the companys resources and capacity to the competition it faces in its operating environment; and a 4 P Product Services Pricing Promotion and Placement Mix analysis. It elaborates the position the corporation stands in the market and current and future opportunities that the company has in terms of growth and sustainability. Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Analysis Nikon has been well placed in the markets in the markets and this gives the company a competitive advantage (Armstrong, p.34). This involves an environmental scan where the internal and external analysis is carried out. The Strengths The patent rights of the brand are high Nikon boasts of a global established brand that sells globally and is demanded by so many customers. The Nikon products are renowned throughout the world and thus give the company a strong basis to establish itself over it competitors and any new entrant in to the markets (Tarcy Et al p.47). This is seen as strength in that the brands are preferred by customers thus more sales are made and hence more revenues to the company. When the patent right is high the company has a lot of goodwill with the company and thus becomes the favorite and hence controls a larger share in the market. High technology in the production of products; Nikon has a reliable brand that is based on high level technological supremacy and resource and development. This has been established by the company since its inception where the products developed suit the market and become leaders in the market because of their level of technology (Nikon, 2010). The company has continued to phase out the products that are out of technology and introduced competitive products in the market that make life convenient and more comfortable. The company has invested a lot in resource and development and alliance, and industrial knowledge so as to keep on producing basic technological products that control the market. The Nikons starring technology is developed in the optics, image processing, materials, precision measurement and manufacturing, software and system technologies. The technology has continued to be unique and superior which offers better performance and functionality. Such technology include Super-Resolution in Non-Linear Optical Lithography, High-Precision Thin films, Ultra-Precision Molds, Image Processing Algorithms, Lead-Free Electronics Technology, Nano Particle Coating, Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Computer Aided Engineering (CAE), Vibration-Reduction (VR) and Predictive Focus Tracking System (Nikon, 2010). Quality has also been a strong point for Nikon in that the products produced have always been regarded for their high quality in the market. This makes Nikon products have a competitive advantage over its competitors. The diversification of the products that the company has is also a very strong strategy to remain in business (Tarcy Et al. p.52). This is the case because the company does not rely on a single product to get its revenues thus diversify the risks in the markets. The company has diversified to produce products like microscopes, measurement instruments, binoculars, cameras, and steppers that it has continued to dominate the market and contribute to the companys revenue. Nikon continues to boast of a very wide distribution network. The global dominance in the five regions which are the Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Middle East, and Africa gives it a competitive advantage over those with ineffective distribution mechanisms (Nikon, 2010). Even in each region there is specialty in the products that are more preferred by the customers hence more sales. There is also presence of subsidiaries and affiliate companies that make the products available to the customers easily and in time. The effective distribution network enables the company to study the dynamics of the market in time and respond quickly before the markets are dominated by other competitors. The global presence is strength due to balancing of the currencies where the company can absorb shock from depreciation of currencies in areas that they are operating in (Tarcy Et al. p.71). The global presence can also be important in that when products are not moving in one region they can be transferred to other regions that require the products and thus promote business. Nikon has global and regional presence that enables the company to study the dynamics of each region and apply the best strategy. It is also possible to shift the products to other markets when they are bought at a slower rate in other regions thus save on production. Nikon has also invested a huge amount of finances in its business; the capital of  ¥ 65,475 million invested by the company is a way to lock out investors that cannot raise such an amount hence helps it in dominating the markets. The Nikon D1H camera is known for its solid build where the handling and the ergonomics is very efficient with a strong and fast autofocus. It is also weatherproof and is very fast since it as the 5 fps. It also produces large images that are approximately 40 jpeg fine (Nikon, 2010). Weakness Nikon has a poor marketing strategy where promotion of products has been low and the products have not been known to many consumers. The marketing systems have been reluctant and not aggressive enough to make the products known in all regions. The production of the Nikon scan scanner software that was faulty was a major weakness to detest its products in the market. The Nikon Scan has remained redundant in the number of images it determines in that it only determines 99 images and stops working (Nikon, 2010). For images above 100 the scanner must be restarted to continue its function. This is a very crucial part in that the customer can judge the products quality through one product and lead to rejection of the rest. The scanner software did not also have proper calibration procedures even after the purchase of an IT-8 Target. The Nikon NiMh camera batteries are not user friendly also they are heavy and big while they are sold expensively at shops (Nikon, 2010). They are also bad since they need recharge or be replaced once the camera is put in use for a shorter time than other cameras. There is a global phobia where people detest products from Japan and China and see then as counterfeits or of low quality. Products from these countries may have low sales due to such phenomenon and the company must be able to fight this negative attitude of the products it produces. Opportunities The digital world has numerous chances that have not been exploited the customers are yet to be fulfilled (Bà ¶hm, p.23). Customers still yearn for better digital products as they are produced. Any company that deals in technology has opportunities to control the market share through unique products or products that are user friendly and technologically advanced. In cameras manufacturing better products gives the company a chance to remain competitive. In view of the fact that Nikon has invested heavily in resource and development then it stands a chance to better opportunities. Trade is being liberalized in many regions and thus there are possibilities of governments loosening regulations of operations. This will be instrumental in allowing further development of the company to such countries where it is not yet penetrated (Ferrell, Hartline, p.35). Nikon has the capability to expand its production processes to other countries where there is distribution is done from exports. This will be easier and cheaper to reduce costs of production since the products are will be produced locally hence extra costs are eliminated (Bà ¶hm, p.48). Nikon may prefer mergers with companies like Sony so as to be much effective and build an empire that will control a large market share. a vertical merger will be more effective where the companies do not loose their identity but merge as a necessity to better their business objectives. Threats Nikon faces stiff competition from other globally renowned companies such as Sony, Olympus, Panasonic, Fujifilm, Canon, Kodak, Casio, and Pentax that all deal with the similar products. Such companies pose a threat of controlling the market share that Nikon holds. There is also the threat that the customers may shift their taste and prefer other companys products due to better marketing techniques applied by the other companies. New regulations may appear in different regions that may affect the companys operations in view of the fact that they may be unfavorable or strict. These regulations may include trade regulations that may be a barrier to efficient trade. In the Middle East peace has not been brokered by the warring parties and this political stand off will be a threat to business in the region. 4P strategy The Product Services, Pricing, Promotion, and Placement (Distribution) analysis of Nikon Corporation will be effective in establishing the companys position in the market and the opportunities that may be available for sustainable growth (Ferrell, Hartline, p.39). This gives a customer oriented approach that ensures that the business ventures into the market in a way that it will meet all the customers demands and expectations. The 4P marketing strategy is also known as the SIVA strategy which is translated as the Solution (product), Information (Promotion), Value (Price), and Access (Place) (Ferrell, Hartline, p.39). Product Nikon deals with a range of products that are aimed at maximizing customer satisfaction. The products include imaging products such as the Digital/film cameras, lenses and accessories; precision equipment such as IC/LCD steppers and scanners; sport optics such as the Binoculars, telescopes and laser rangefinders; instrument products such as the Microscopes and measuring instruments; and ophthalmic lenses such as the Single vision and progressive addition lenses. The imaging products are specifically the digital SLR Cameras, Digital compact cameras, speed-lights, software, film scanners, film SLR cameras, and Nikkor lenses. The microscopes include the biological, digital, industrial, stereoscopic and multi-purpose zoom. The precision equipment includes the IC stepper and scanner and the LCD stepper and scanners in different series (Nikon, 2010). The packaging is attractive with different colors and the Nikon brand name on them with each product packed with a user manual so as to enable the user steps of operation. The packaging is also ensured to shock proof to protect the products from any falling or mishandling. A return form is also placed in the packaging that bears the name and address of the company. The company logo is also encrypted in all products. It bears the words handle with care that cautions any person handling them that they are delicate and prone to damage. The customers are also assured of a warranty for every product they buy that is from authorized distributors. Pricing Each product has a specific price and the prices vary in every region and according to the specifications. The price for Digital SLR Cameras is $7,999.95; NIKKOR 50mm f/1.4 is $469.95, AF-S Teleconverter TC-20E III is $499.95; AF DC-NIKKOR 105mm f/2D is $1,199.95, and COOLPIX S640 is $219.95 (Nikon, 2010). The LS-9000 Nikon scanner is sold at $2799.99; while SB-400 Speed-light unit is sold at $149.99; SB-600 Speed-light unit is sold at $249.99; and SB-900 Speed-light unit is sold at $349.99 (Nikon, 2010). Compared to the competitors prices Nikons prices are averagely similar in the markets thus leaving the customer to choose the best product that suits them. Promotion This includes the Advertising, Professional Selling, Sales Promotion, and Publicity of the products by the company (Ferrell, Hartline, p.57). Nikon Corporation in June 2003 dissolved the Nikon sales promotion Co. ltd in view of the fact that it was not affecting its mandates to the corporation. Its mandate was shifted to Nikon Corporation business units that would effectively carryout the marketing and advertising. Nikon has also implemented the CSR strategy that includes several promotional strategies which include the education and awareness, surveying and monitoring, preventions of violations, and a consultative reporting system. The education strategy seeks to educate the employees in the corporation to create a favorable workplace environment through this promotion strategy the employees are able to promote the company to the public. The company also conducts awareness surveys that help gauge the products place in the market this helps promotion in laying the right procedure to advertise the products that have low sales. Nikon also promotes the products through print and advertising. It also holds photo exhibitions like the Photokina that helps in showcasing all the recent products by the company. Photo shootouts are also organized where customers are able to try out the new products and know their operations, availability and prices. Billboards are also used to advertise the products so as to reach the customer more efficiently. Taxi branding where taxis are branded with the company logo and products to promote the products is done globally. Nikon has also been involved in supporting sports such as formula one and advertised during the events (Nikon, 2010). Placement (distribution) Nikon is present globally with all its products being traded world over. The market has been segmented into regions that enable ease of distribution of the products to the customers. There are six regions which are the Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Middle East, and Africa (Nikon, 2010). In each region there are authorized distributors of the products where they are then further sub-divided into sub divisions that help penetrate the market effective and reach the customers in time. Conclusion The general life cycle of the products from Nikon starts from the receiving of raw materials, then to the material, component and product manufacture, then to transport, where it is then used by the customer after which it is then recycled or disposed. Nikon has developed a competitive advantage over other companies and has definitely benefited from the effective marketing strategy it has. Work Cited: Armstrong, Michael. Management Processes and Functions, London: CIPD, 1996 Bà ¶hm, Anja. The SWOT Analysis. Boston: GRIN Verlag, 2009 Tarcy, Brian,. Bradford, Robert and Duncan, Peter. Simplified Strategic Planning: A No-Nonsense Guide For Busy People Who Want Results Fast!. New York: Chandler House Press, 2000 Ferrell, Olive C. Hartline, Michael D. Marketing Strategy. Ed.4, New York: Cengage Learning, 2008 Nikon. Nikon Corp, 2010. http://www.nikon.com/ November 27, 2010 Nikon. Product Assessment, Nikon Corp, 2010. http://www.nikon.com/ November 27, 2010 Reynolds, Clyde. Nikon F Book. New York: Focal Press, 1977

Price Policy

The purpose of this essay is threefold. First,to identify specific factors and the environment affecting an export price policy. Second, to analyse thisthese factors within our firm and to extract the best decisions given our starting point. Finally, to consider the above and to give guidelines governing thatwhat should be applied in the international marketing price. It should be noted that in some cases due to an information deficiency, assumptions should be madee. â€Å"Pricing is the moment of truth† (Stottinger,2001).Probably this affirmation is essentially valid in domestic marketing, even more in international marketing. Surprisingly, the literature in this area is characterized by a gapthere is a gap in the literature in this area. Given theirits importance, pricing havehas not attracted much academic research interest compared with other tools of marketing (Stottinger, 2001). Nevertheless, this should not be and cannot be a barrier for the quality of this essay. Albau m and Duerr (2008) no havehave not given a clear message regarding the level of difficulty about practice of establishing an international price.However, for a large influx of authors export price differs from domestic price, and due to thatthis the environment is sui generis in each country (Jain, 1989). It is the writer? s opinion that an overview of the challenge gives the impression that it is somewhat more difficult than in domestic marketing. Sometimes the pricing affair is too tangled to be pliant to a general sort of description (Diamantipoulous and Mathews, 1995). In summary, despite of finding similar market threats in the international â€Å"arena†, every market havehas non-identical consequences and a â€Å"constellation†of elements (Kublin,1900).All of this leads to talk of international factors affecting pricing. The goal is to analyze the factors and bring them in line with our product. Sometimes these factors are so-called such aslabelled â€Å"Interna l† and â€Å"External† factors (Tellis, 1986). The writer’s intention is not to follow the system of any author concretely and to blend the most important literature and match with the firm. To avoid excessive interminable details, these factors are exclusively factors that differ from domestic factors, or actorsthose such as competition, or buyer’s perception that are present in the domestic market but now are completely unknown in the new scenario. Cost has been and is being one of the most vital factors affecting price determination (Albaum & Duerr, 2008). It is useful because the system cost creates a limit where prices below are not permitted to stayit creates a system where prices are not permitted to stay below a certain limit. (Simon,1995). Historically, the quandary is somewhere between direct cost and full cost.The choice of the cost floor depends on the company's goal. In the futureLater the company'sthis goal will be explained, but so far, it i s enough to say that full costs fits better. The company objectives are to build a new market in the long-run, and using full cost enabling the company to recovered all the cost.. Apart from a â€Å"new† packaging, the new central cost is based on transportation. It is important to take into account theat volume of the product when consideringis another important costs. (Albaum & Dueer).In some cases companies fail due to only takinge into account this factor (Backman, 1953). It given that should we mightis essential that we emphasize other factors. Market conditions: it is time to analyze demand. An important idea of our demand is the concept of elasticity. Should I give as done thatThe elasticity of our customer tends not to be inelasticgreat. A pPerson who owns a pedigree dog or an exotic animal, tends to give allwant the best for their animals, and consequently are less price-sensivitysensitive (or there is less price sensitivity).Broadly speaking, they buy regardless of price, but always in the limits of consumer? s price awareness. â€Å"The better differentiated the product, the more difficult it is to make a comparison between different products and the higher the quality and the prestige image of the product, the lower the price sensivity†. (Nagle, 1987). Theseis three characteristics should beare present in our product, therefore the customer should tend to be â€Å"inelastic† Competition is a pivotal factor and reflects supply in economic theory.Cost draws a minimum price, demand delineates a maximum price, and competitors will condition a final price between these limits. (Albaum & Duerr, 2008). Due to lack of information, it should be assumingassume some level of competition. The firm must expect some degree of competition, but owing to the kind of product (premium product for a pedigree animal) the market should be clearly delimited. Anyway, in this stage the advice for the firm should be to stay aware of our nearest competit ors and extract value information of the background of our competitorsfrom our competitors’ background.Legal or political: widely speaking, after the Treaty of Maastricht and the constitution of the European Community the legal or political issues between European countries have been removed. It Ccan be interesting to mention one aspect of the legislation related with our product, and in last instance it can affect price decision. The European Parliament has passed some regulation concerning to animal feeds, certifying that Community legislation on animal health is properly binding and fulfilling.The law of the EU is directly applicable in UK, therefore, it should be noticed that if our firm has passed the controls for selling in UK there is not going to be a problem achieveing a license to sell around Europe. It is not necessary to argue about economic themes since has been created a homogeneous economic area has been created. Company policies and marketing mix: It is inevit able to speak about the product of the company. Price should be related to product considerations (Albaum & Duer, 2008).The characteristics of the product – i. e type of demand, physical and psychological attributes, packaging, quality, degree to which competitors are considered acceptable substitutes differentiation, state of maturity and so on – influence the prizeprice. (Kaplan, Dirlam, Lanzillotti,). Assuming that Edzell Wood has a product range and product positioning similar to that sold for garden and aviary birds under the Charnwood brand some specifications should be made for relating price and product.If the product range is large and product positioning is premium, this makes it advisable to establish a rather high price. To what extent will depend more or less highon its weighting with other factors. Some studies, under some premises, have showned that â€Å"high price† is associated with â€Å"high quality†( ) It can be interesting to speak a bout the nature of the product that Edzell is selling and to connect this with the buyer’s perception, another relevant factor.Following Nelson (1970) (Darbi and Karni 1973) goods can be divided into two types: experience good and credence goods. † An experience good is one whose features can be ascertained only upon consumption. A second category might be that of credence goods, when quality cannot be determined even after consumption†. With all probability, our product may be among experience goods and credence goods. It is the writer's opinion that in this field the labels brand didn't succeed because it is a kindthe type of good where the brand plays a crucial role.Have you seen animal feeds branded by tesco? The consumers are in part blind and are using non – physical attributes to value the utility of the product and transform this utility in terms of money. It might be a compulsory stop to speak at length about terms such us value and utility but it is beyond the scope of this essay. Suffice it to say that if the consumer is not in a position to judge accurately the value of the product directly, consumers intending to reduce the risk will be willing to pay higher prices as safeto remain safe.Pet owners or Zoological centres want to give all the best for their animals. People don’t eat feeds animalsanimal feed and consequently cannot check the quality of the product. It is the total package including complementary features such as veterinarian advice, delivery, support with any problem related with the animal and food, analysis of components, demonstration about quality, certificates, as well as the symbolic features such as prestige and status that are perceived as delivering more value than our competitors in a pricing point (Hanna & Dodge, 1995).The company should take advantage of this. It is time put on the table matto analyse how the pricing philosophy and pricing objectives play a strong role in this process. In l ine with previous aspects it should be speak about price strategy. It is strongly adviceadvisable to the firm to follow a strategic pricing related to a product differentiation. The firm should stressed differentiation through   product characteristics and position in the industry that are conducive to putting the emphasis on the value of our brand name and enjoying some price premiumpremium prices in consequence.Pricing models can be mixed and matched. Probably there is no a strategy price (skimming,sliding down the demand curve, ando so on) that fsuits perfectly with our task. The price strategy should be a relatively high price related with a high premium product, putting the emphasis in the quality and the complementary features. It should try to implement some promotions to try to encourage the customer to know the product in the first stage. It can be dangerous to play upping or downing the price, becausedue to the quality image can be affected.The objective of our price str ategy should integrated goals such uas, obtaining the highest return on investment, maintaining or increaseing market share, meeting a specified sales goal, meeting a specified profit goal, profit maximisation, meeting competition and so on (Teacher). The objective of our price strategy should integrate goals such as, obtaining the highest return on investment, maintaining or increasing market share, meeting a specified sales goal, meeting a specified profit goal, profit maximisation, meeting competition and so on (Teacher)Firm and management: the international experience of the firm and commitment to the venture are important factors. Assuming that Edzell does not have international experience and it is a small enterprise it should be noticeded that it is important to advise the firm's members about the importance of pricing decisions. Furthermore, the firm should be completely conscious and to have a strong commitment withto go internationalexpanding internationally. This is commo nly forgotten in some companies, especially smaller ones. , Aall of thisthese factors influence setting the right price.It is usual to forget this in some companies, especially in small companies. A crucial place occupies the price decision controlPrice decision control occupies a crucial place – the step within the firm at which the decision is tooktaken. (Myers,Cavusgil, Diamantopoulous, 2002). To verifyied that the person who sets the prices has the skills to do it. It is important not to forget channel distribution as a factor affecting price. A product ishas much more than a physical value,value; it is also on how it is sold and after-sales service and so on.The customer’s willingness to pay is directly influenced by these features. The firm should teach the channel distribution how to give this high quality service. Remembering that animal feed is a very intangible product for the buyer and these details are the key point to give a message in consonance with our price. In our case, assuming that direct export has been choosedchosen the goal should be relatively factibleachievablee(? ). Also regarding channels and distribution our firm should avoid structures tending to result in export-price scalationthe escalation of export price (Cavusgil and Zou, 1994).It is necessary to highlight that a good relationship with the channels is very useful to control the final price. (Bowersox et al, 1992). It is the writer? s opinion that the choice ofto choose a direct mode of exportationing hasis have been influenced by theseis parameters. Our company should weight up the benefits of pricing the goods and services in euros or in sterling. Intuitively, most eurozone customers will prefer to see prices in euros. Using a sterling prices list may lose part of our business. The main disadvantage of making and accepting euro payments is that it exposes our firm to currency risks.One way to hedge against exchange rate movements can be to arrange a forward fore ign exchange contract – this is an agreement initiated by you to buy or sell a specific amount of foreign currency at a certain rate, on or before a certain date. In the field of price quotation, our exportations should use the system definition based on Incoterms (International Commercial Terms). Although the detail of which incoterms should be choosechosen is beyond the scope of this essay, exporters should consider some factors.Between others; shipment, insurance coverage, availability of information, currency convertibility problems, and son on (Albaum ; Duerr, 2008). Ultimately, price quotations should be in a form that customers and channels find suitable, and at least as convenient for the customer as those offered by competitors. Anyway, the price quotations should be reflected in the final price. All of these factors should be complemented with some basic guidelines. Pricing flexibility is a principle that should guide all the decisions. The right placeprice(? today, cannot be the right price tomorrow. The issue, more than to think if our price havehas to be higher, lower or the same level compared with our domestic prices or the competition prices it is to set the right price in the right moment. Probably, some factors hashave been omitted but not forgotten due to limited space. And always remember that setting a price â€Å"It is not a science, but it is an art. †Ã¢â‚¬  (John I. Leahy, Black ; Decker) Bibliography Stottinger, B. (2001) Strategic export pricing: a long and winding road. Journal of International Marketin, 9 (1). 40-55Jain, S. C (1989) â€Å"Standardization of international marketing strategy: some research hyphoteses† Journal of marketing, Vol 53, January, pp. 70-9 Kublin, M. (1990) â€Å"A guide to export pricing†, Industrial Management, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 29-32 Diamantopoulos, A. and Mathews, B. (1995), Making pricing decisions: A study of Managerial Practice, Chapman ; Hall, London. Mathews, B. Cavusgil , Diamantopoulos, A. (2002), Antecedents and actions of export pricing strategy: A conceptual framework and research propositions. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 36, No ? , 2002, pp. 159-188.

The Performance Of European Funded Projects Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2758 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The anfractuous integration of Romania in the European Union implies a complex process of modernization and structural reorganization. One of the most important aspects of this process is the economical efficiency. In the perennial context of the economic crises, enterprises, more than ever, have to follow a complex process of reorganization in order to respect the community rules and standards. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Performance Of European Funded Projects Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In order to fulfill this objective, the Romanian enterprises are encouraged by the possibility of receiving non-refundable funds from the European Union (80%) and Romanian Government (20%). The lack of any advertising and public relation campaigns about the process of receiving these kinds of funds has often put the final beneficiary in a predicament. Most of the Romanian investors have no idea what their obligations imply, they are focused on the idea that the money they receive neednt be refundable. The present article means to analyze the way the European funded projects are implemented, focusing mainly on the costs and obligations that the investors enter. The non-refundable European funds are an excellent opportunity for the business environment as long as the beneficiaries are aware from the beginning of the social and institutional cost of this process. KEYWORDS: cash-flow, grant, IRR JEL CLASSIFICATION: F35, F36 1.INTORDUCTION Since the 1st of January 2007 Romania has been a full right member of the European Union. Having this position, our country receives non-refundable funds, available through projects, for the development and reducing the socio-economic gaps/disparity in comparison with the other members. Romania presently has several financing programs with different levels of aid intensities (depending on the kind of eligible beneficiaries and the type of investment funded), the most relevant of them are: National program for rural development 2007-2013 The operational program Increase of economic competitiveness The operational program for Human resources development The operational program for environment The operational program for transport The operational program administrative capacity development. The magnitude and complexity of the non-refundable funds do not admit an exhaustive analysis of the problem, only in case of studies involving teams formed by specialists in this issue. For this present analysis we chose a line of funding from the National Program for Rural Development 2007-2013, the third axis Improving the quality of life in rural areas and diversification of the rural economy, 313 Measure Encouragement of tourism. This line sets the overall objective of financing the development of tourism activities in rural areas in order to help increase employment and alternative income, as well as increasing the attractiveness of rural areas (EC, 2009; EC, 2005; MARD, 2009). Given this ample general objective, within the 313 Measure we have four kinds of investments, namely: a) Investment in tourism accommodation infrastructure (this component is broken down in turn into agro-tourism and rural tourism), b) Investments in recreational activities, c) Investment in small-scale infrastructure such as information centers, tourism signs, etc.. and d) development and / or marketing of tourism services relating to rural tourism (PARDF, 2012). Another effect of the extensive overall objective is the diverse range of eligible applicants. Eligible within the 313 Measure are: micro-enterprises, freelancers, local authorities and NGOs. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH In the present material we performed an analysis of a hypothetical project implemented by a micro-enterprise, within the component Investment in tourism accommodation infrastructure (rural tourism). In this example, the non-refundable financial aid is 50% of the eligible value of the project (but no more than ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 200.000). The total value of the project is 496.000 Euros, of which the eligible amount is 400.000 Euros (this value was chosen since it covers the costs of a bed and breakfast of four daisies (the equivalent of four stars) with ten double rooms and a restaurant) and ineligible value 96.000 Euros (which is VAT, which is not funded by the European Union as it is recovered from the National Tax Administration Agency). The implementation period of this hypothetical project is one year. Given the value of the non-refundable financial aid and of the eligible value of the project, the investor would receive 200.000 Euros from structural funds. The problem that is overseen by many potential investors is that the European funding is granted on the principle of reimbursement of expenses made by the beneficiary. Many investors do not take into account the additional costs associated with this principle (short-term financing). Another omission made by potential beneficiaries is related to the monitoring period. A beneficiary who has implemented a project with non-refundable funds within the 313 Measure should keep the bed and breakfast into service and do not to alienate/sell it at least five years after completion. During this monitoring period the beneficiary must maintain all of the jobs foreseen in the project. In this example, (considering the value of 200.000 Euros of the non-refundable financial aid) the appropriate number of jobs created by the project must be eight (given the selection criterion no. 3 non-refundable financial amount / number of jobs created ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ 25.000 Euros (PARDF, 201 2). These two omissions generate additional financial efforts for potential beneficiaries that can be considered a cost of the non-refundable financial aid. This article trays to determine the level of these costs and the actual percentage of co-financing of such an investment. To see the differences that arise between the various scenarios with and without the influence of personal costs and the costs of short-term financing, we must take into account two indicators: a) IRR F/(C) financial internal rate of return calculated on the investment, quantified by the formula: (1) ) where: I0 is the initial investment (the eligible value + ineligible value of project); CFi is the value of the cash flows generated by the project in operation (flows from investing activities, financial and operational); VR residual value, estimated at the end of the time horizon taken into consideration. b) IRR F/(K) financial internal rate of return calculated on the value of its own contribution. In this case we use the formula: (2) ) where: K is the private co-financing (financing the eligible amount (50%)) + other ineligible costs incurred during the implementation; CFi is the value of the cash flows generated by the project in operation (flows from investing activities, financial and operational); VR residual value, estimated at the end of the time horizon taken into consideration. (EC, 2008; Hazen, 2003) Ignoring the costs of short-term funding (generated by the principle of reimbursement of expenditure already made) and costs related to the number of jobs to be created and maintained during monitoring period, the investment has a IRR F / (C) -1.95% , which reveals that the project is not attractive for financing from a bank or investor. Also there is an IRR F / (K) of 10.12%, showing that through a 50% non-refundable financial assistance, the project would become viable (two indicators detailed in the Table 1 Variables initial investor). Table 1. Variables initial investor Implementing year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Investment value 2.083.200 Cash-flow 55.785 121.441 124.969 128.497 132.025 Residual value 1.344.000 Flow for IRR F/(C) -2.083.200 55.785 121.441 124.969 128.497 1.476.025 IRR F/(C) -1.95% Flow for IRR F/(K) -1.243.200 55.785 121.441 124.969 128.497 1.476.025 IRR F/(K) 10.12% Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented The data in Table 1 are based on the following assumptions: the analysis was done in constant prices without the effect of inflation and private co-financing of the project relies on a credit for a period of 20 years, with an interest rate of 10% and a period of grace of 12 months (equivalent to project implementation period). The value of this credit is 50% of the eligible value of the project. Staff considered is presented in Table 2. The And management and supply functions will be provided by the sole shareholder of the company. Table 2. Staff minimum variant No. Position Gross monthly salary lei 1 Shareholder 0 2 Chef 2.200 3 Waiter 1.700 4 Maid 1.700 5 Reception staff 1.900 6 Accountant 2.000 Total 9.500 Source: Average estimate Table 3. Staff optimal variant No. Position Gross monthly salary lei 1 Manager 2.500 2 Supply staff 2.000 3 Chef 2.200 4 Waiter 1.700 5 Maid 1.700 6 Reception staff 1.900 7 Accountant 2. 800 Travel Guide 2.000 Total 16.000 Source: Average estimate Based on the specifications in the Guidelines for Applicants on measure 313, in order to get a good score and therefore to be selected for funding a project needed to create jobs in proportion to its value, i.e., for each 25.000 euro received as grant the applicant must be created and maintained for at least five years a full-time job. Table 3 presents the structure of personnel as specified by guide (in quantitative terms). It is also well balanced, covering all activities that might take place in a boarding houses. In Table 4 the two indicators calculation is done, this time taking into account the jobs that must be created. Table 4. Project attractiveness with correction for jobs Implementing year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Investment value 2.083.200 Cash-flow -44.055 21.601 25.129 28.657 32.185 Residual value 1.344.000 Flow for IRR F/(C) -2.083.200 -44.055 21.601 25.129 28.657 1.376.185 IRR F/(C) -7.52% Flow for IRR F/(K) -1.243.200 -44.055 21.601 25.129 28.657 1.376.185 IRR F/(K) 2.50% Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented Cash Flow Estimation was done based on Annex 1. It appears that after this correction the attractiveness of the project significantly decreased, but not so as to be abandoned and unfunded (IRR F / (K) 0%). Table 5.1. Extract from cash flow during the implementation small credit Period Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Net cash flow for the period 509.600 161.000 -7.000 -330.400 161.000 -330.400 Available cash of the previous month 200 200 509.800 670.800 663.800 333.400 494.400 Available cash at end of period 200 509.800 670.800 663.800 333.400 494.400 164.000 Source: Average estimate Table 6.2. Extract from cash flow during the implementation small credit Period Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12 Total year Net cash flow for the period 161.000 -330.400 161.000 -330.400 161.000 -7.000 -21.000 Available cash of the previous month 164.000 325.000 -5.400 155.600 -174.800 -13.800 200 Available cash at end of period 325.000 -5.400 155.600 -174.800 -13.800 -20.800 -20.800 Source: Average estimate Analyzing the cash flow for the implementation period we can see that in the eighth month, the company runs out of available cash, a delicate problem, most often synonymous with insolvency. Although hypothetically the company would pass over this impasse, because the amount involved is relatively small, in the tenth month the cash requirements to continue are much higher. This situation occurs due to the gap of about a month, between the investment and the reimbursement (the grant). The investment is made in five installments (thus the needs for cash are minimal), during 1, 4, 6, 8 and 10. These invoices are paid in propor tion to the investment company and made ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹grant aid is granted in months: 2, 5, 7, 9 and 11. Another cost factor is determined for the cash depletion rates. The negative cash flow is covered in the fourth year of the operation period (see Table 6). Table 7. Extract from cash flow from operating period small credit Period Implementing Year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net cash flow for the period -44.055 21.601 25.129 28.657 32.185 Available cash of the previous month -20.800 -20.800 -64.855 -43.254 -18.126 10.531 Available cash at end of period -20.800 -64.855 -43.254 -18.126 10.531 42.716 Source: Average estimate In order to implement the project, the company will have to contract a greater loan, which allows it to sustain the interest expenses and differences arising between payments and reimbursements. The second scenario in which the company relies on a credit (under similar conditions: 20 years repayment period, interest of 10% and 12 months grace period), but the higher value of the loan, surmounts the problems outlined above. In this situation, the grater loan allows the company to operate under normal conditions, avoiding liquidity risk without lags during the implementation period (see Table 7.1 and 7.2) or in the first five years of the operational period (see Table 8). Table 8.1. Extract from c ash flow during the implementation high credit Period Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Net cash flow for the period 866.600 158.000 -10.000 -333.400 158.000 -333.400 Available cash of the previous month 200 200 866.800 1.024.800 1.014.800 681.400 839.400 Available cash at end of period 200 866.800 1.024.800 1.014.800 681.400 839.400 506.000 Source: Recalculate from Scenario 1 Table 9.2. Extract from cash flow during the implementation high credit Period Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12 Total year Net cash flow for the period 158.000 -333.400 158.000 -333.400 158.000 -10.000 303.000 Available cash of the previous month 506.000 664.000 330.600 488.600 155.200 313.200 200 Available cash at end of period 664.000 330.600 488.600 155.200 313.200 303.200 303.200 Source: Recalculate from Scenario 1 From Table 7.1 and 7.2 we can see that the available cash at the end of each period is positive, denoting the fact that the company has sufficient cash resources to operate normally. Table 10. Extract from cash flow from operating period high credit Period Implementing Year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net cash flow for the period -97.080 -29.624 -24.296 -18.968 -13.640 Available cash of the previous month 303.200 303.200 206.120 176.496 152.199 133.231 Available cash at end of period 303.200 206.120 176.496 152.199 133.231 119.591 Source: Recalculate from Scenario 1 As a side effect of the higher credit we can observe (see Table 8) that the cash flows generated by the investment are lower than those caused by lower loan (see Table 6), this being blamed on higher interest rates Table 11. Annual rates of both loans Large Credit Small Credit Differences Loan Value 1.200.000 840.000 360.000 The value of annual installments 60.000 42.000 18.000 Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented The two credits are obtained in similar conditions, both repayment periods are 20 years, but because of amounts differ, the values of the annual rates differ as well. Table 12. Annual interest of both credits Amount of interest Implementing year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Large Credit 120.000 116.750 110.750 104.750 98.750 92.750 Small Credit 84.000 81.725 77.525 73.325 69.125 64.925 Differences 36.000 35.025 33.225 31.425 29.625 27.825 Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented Interest calculation was performed by applying 10% annual margin outstanding of the loan (the amount remaining to be paid). Table 13. The additional cost of the higher credit Discount rate 5% Period (Years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Difference in credit 54.000 35.025 33.225 31.425 29.625 27.825 Discount factor 1 0,95238 0,90702 0,86383 0,82270 0,78352 Difference in loan discounted 54.000 33.357,14 30.136,05 27.146,1 24.372,56 21.801,62 Discounted total costs 190.813,47 Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented In terms of time, the costs of credit will be carried forward, to ensure the unit of analysis, they are discounted (the discount rate used is 5% without the effect of inflation). Table 14. Project attractiveness after correction for jobs and correction for necessary credit Variant 1 Implementing year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Investment value 2.083.200 Cash-flow -97.080 -29.624 -24.296 -18.968 -13.640 Residual value 1344000 Flow for IRR F/(C) -2.083.200 -97.080 -29.624 -24.296 -18.968 1.330.360 IRR F/(C) -10.30% Flow for IRR F/(K) -1.243.200 -97.080 -29.624 -24.296 -18.968 1.330.360 IRR F/(K) -1.26% Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented Recalculating the IRR F / (C) and IRR F / (K) taking in to account the high credit (see Table 12) we can see that the attractiveness of the project has fell drastically, both indicators have negative valuesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹. This requires a rethinking of the entire project, the most viable solution is the reduction of the investment value, introducing new products that bring additional income or finding more attractive funding sources). III. Research results Plotting the evolution of the two indicators before and after making the corrections, it appears that both indicators registered a strong downtrend. Figure 1. Evolution IRR/ C and IRR/K Source: own representation of the results The analysis of the indicators illustrates the fact that the project initially seemed viable, but now it has to be rethought because even with the non-refundable financial support it cant be profitable. Investors who do not know the system of awarding grant can reach difficult situations such as: projects blocked because the beneficiary has no more financial resources, facilities constructed through grant projects that have to be kept in operation although no profit is being made etc. Table 15. Actual percentages of co-financing Category Value Percentage Eligible value 1.680.000,00 100.00% Grant 840.000,00 50.00% Private contribution 840.000,00 50.00% Real Grant 840.000,00 33.28% Real Private contribution 1.120.813,47 66.72% Source: Own calculations based on the scenarios previously presented If we consider the additional cost generated by a higher loan necessary for covering the gap between the investment and the reimbursement of expenses, the grant aid intensity (expressed as percentage) decreases from 50% to 33.28%. This new value can be called the actual grant aid. A counter argument could be that the investor has sufficient financial resources and a credit is not needed. However, in this case he blocks a certain amount of money for a determined period of time, during which he cant use it. Although this cost is difficult to place in a cash flow, as an opportunity cost, it exists, and interferes on a long-term perspective, the investor renouncing the use of those amounts, which could generate income. IV. Conclusions Grants are an opportunity for all businesses and a diverse pallet of investors. The decision to start such a project must be analyzed very well, because all sources of capital even grants have a specific cost, sometimes hard to quantify explicitly. In the case of grants, the cost derives mainly from the social side and the process of reimbursement. However, through a detailed economic and financial analysis of the project that takes into account of all the elements, both obvious and most discreet, the success of the investment can be ensured and thus fulfill all the objectives and commitments of the grant recipient.